Footnotes

[1] Our Chosen Land: 100 Years of Developing the Chinese Community in Canada (Calgary Chinese Cultural Centre), 6.

[2] Yee, Paul, Chinatown: An Illustrated History of the Chinese Communities of Victoria, Vancouver, Calgary, Winnipeg, Toronto, Ottawa, Montreal and Halifax, (Toronto: James Lorimer & Company Ltd.), 13.

[3] This was known as the Chinese Immigration Act of 1885.

[4] Dawson, Brian, Moon Cakes in Gold Mountain: from China to the Canadian Plains (Calgary: Detselig Enterprises Ltd. 1991), 136-137.

[5] "Chinese-Canadians were finally allowed to become Canadian citizens in 1947. Technically, this was the first year that anyone could become a Canadian citizen, since Canadian citizenship per se didn't exist prior that that year. Before 1947, Canadians were considered 'British subjects living in Canada.' Because of their race, however, Chinese-Canadians were excluded from that category, even if they were born in Canada. It wasnt until 1947 that they could have the same rights of citizenship as other Canadians." - See CBC Archives - A Tale of Perseverance: Chinese Immigration to Canada, "finally getting the vote" (http://archives.cbc.ca/IDC-1-69-1433-9243/life_society/chinese_immigration/clip2, retrieved 30 Oct. 2007].

[6] Our Chosen Land (Edmonton: CCNC National and CCNC Edmonton Chpt, 1984), 60.

[7] Ibid., 39.

[8] "Head tax on Chinese Canadians worth millions today, report says," The Globe and Mail, 31 October 1988.

[9] Government of Canada, "address by the Prime Minister on the Chinese Head Tax Redress,"22 June 2006.

[10] "Al I ever wanted was an apology," Vancouver Sun, 22 June 2006.

[11] An apology for ' a grave injustice' ,Vancouver Sun, 23 June 2006.

[12] Li, Peter S., The Chinese in Canada, 2nd edition (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1998), 41.

[13] Yu, Henry, "Head Tax Apology is Only First Step," (25 June 2006). Yu says the Head Tax is well over $1 billion; other sources like the CCNC say it is less than $1 billion.

[14] CBC Archives - A Tale of Perseverance: Chinese Immigration to Canada, "Demanding justice" (11 July 2001), [http://archives.cbc.ca/IDC-1-69-1433-9252/life_society/chinese_immigration/clip11, retrieved 30 Oct. 2007].

[15] See for example, Poy, V. "Canadian senator' view on compensation," http://www.legacy1.net/headtax/ht_comp_official.html, retrieved 24 Dec. 2007].

[16] CBC Archives - A Tale of Perseverance: Chinese Immigration to Canada, 'Redress at last," (2006), [http://archives.cbc.ca/IDC-1-69-1433-12771/life_society/chinese_immigration/clip13, retrieved 30 Oct. 2007].

[17] Eng, Susan, "Reflections on the Chinese head tax: With inclusion of head-tax redress in the throne speech, true reconciliation can begin," U of T Bulletin, (24 Apr. 2006).

[18] "Conservatives hit the mark with head tax apology," Vancouver Sun, 27 June, 2006.

[19] Chinese Canadian National Council, CCNC 2007 Report (21 Dec. 2007).

[20] Cited in 1906 Census of the Northwest Provinces,�

[21] Dawson, Moon Cakes, 25.

[22] CCCC,�

[23] Dawson, Moon Cakes, 27-28.

[24] Ibid.

[25] Quoted in Dawson, Moon Cakes, 44.

[26] Yee, Chinatown, 55.

[27] Quoted in Moon Cakes, 37.

[28] Quoted in Our Chosen Land, 30.

[29] Quoted in Moon Cakes, 44.

[30] Ibid., 29.

[31] Lai, Chuenyan David, Chinatowns: Towns within Cities in Canada (Vancouver: Univ. of British Columbia, 1988), 87.

[32] Dawson, Moon Cakes, 26.

[33] Ibid., 48.

[34] Ibid., 49.

[35] Lai, Chinatowns, 90.

[36] Yee, Chinatown, 60.

[37] Ibid., 62.

[38] Dawson, Moon Cakes, 159.

[39] Quoted in Yee, Chinatown, 56.

[40] "Dan Mah's odyssey," Edmonton Journal, 12 March, 1989.

[41] CCCC, Our Chosen Land, 24.

[42] Dawson, Moon Cakes, 62.

[43] Ibid., 65.

[44] CBC Archives - A Tale of Perseverance: Chinese Immigration to Canada, "Entering the Professions," (2006), [http://archives.cbc.ca/IDC-1-69-1433-9244/life_society/chinese_immigration/clip3, retrieved 30 Oct. 2007].

[45] CCNC and CCNC Edmonton Chpt, Our Chosen Land, 40.

[46] Quoted in Moon Cakes, 196.

[47] Mah, Victor, Interview, Nov. 2007.

[48] Quoted in "Chinatown Old and New" The Calgary Herald, 2 May 1981.

[49] Yee, Chinatown, 56.

[50] CCCC, Our Chosen Land, 26.

[51] Quoted in Dawson, Moon Cakes, 136.

[52] Yee, Chinatown, 59.

[53] Cited in University of Alberta - CPR Lecture, 2005.

[54] Chinese Canadian National Council Women抯 Book Committee, Jin Guo: Voices of Chinese Canadian Women, (Toronto: CCNC, 1992), 19.

[55] Ibid., 131.

[56] Ibid., 163.

[57] Ibid., 21.

[58] "Historical Gems: The heritage of Calgary and Alberta is a deep vein that will never be mined," The Calgary Herald, 23 Apr. 2006.

[59] Hunter, Frederick C., "Jimmy Smith: The Legend Comes to Life," [http://freepages.history.rootsweb.com/~database/FOOTNOTE%20FOLK.htm, retrieved 30 Oct. 2007].

[60] Ibid.

[61] Brennan, Brian, Alberta Originals: Stories of Albertans who made a difference (Calgary: Fifth House Ltd, 2001), 41.

[62] Dawson, Moon Cakes, 136.

[63] Brennan, Alberta Originals, 41.

[64] Brennan, Brian, Romancing the Rockies: mountaineers, missionaries, Marilyn, and more (Calgary: Fifth House Ltd, 1994), 75.

[65] Ibid., 76.

[66] Ibid., 77.

[67] Statistics Canada, "Chinese Canadians: Enriching the cultural mosaic," 2in Canadian Social Trends, (Spring 2005, no. 76), 32.

[68] Ibid.

[69] Woo-Paw, T., Interview, Dec. 2007.

[70] Go, Avvy, "Moving Beyond Tokenism," Canadian Issues (Summer 2005), 41.

[71] Woo-Paw, T., Interview, Dec. 2007.

[72] Li, The Chinese in Canada, 142.

[73] Yee, Janet, Interview, Dec. 2007.

[74] Li, The Chinese in Canada, 145.

[75] Ibid., 141.

[76] Lai, Daniel W.L., Racism Experienced by Chinese-Calgarians: 2004 Community Survey (Faculty of Social Work: University of Calgary, 2004), 15.

[77] Wong, Lloyd and Carol Wong, C"hinese Engineers in Canada: A 'Model Minority'�? And Experiences and Perceptions of the Glass Ceiling," Journal of Women and Minorities in Science and Engineering, 12:4 (2006), 270.

[78] Cited in Lai, D., Racism Experienced by Chinese Canadians, 1.

[79] Statistics Canada, Ethnic Diversity Survey: portrait of a multicultural society (Statistics Canada, 2003), 18.

[80] "Race discrimination hits quarter of Canadians, survey finds," Vancouver Sun, 09 Dec. 2007.

[81] The Calgary Foundation, Vital Signs: Taking the Pulse of Calgary (The Calgary Foundation, 2007),

[82] Statistics Canada, Immigration in Canada: A Portrait of the Foreign-born Population, 2006 Census (Statistics Canada, 2006), 5.